Bratisl Lek Listy. Sirangelo I, Iannuzzi C. The role of metal binding in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-related aggregation of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. Nutritional effects of zinc on metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: mechanisms and main findings in human studies. Biol Trace Elem Res. Takeda A, Tamano H. Int J Mol Sci. Present Knowledge in Nutrition.
Washington D. Sandstrom B. Micronutrient interactions: effects on absorption and bioavailability. Br J Nutr. Iron supplementation decreases plasma zinc but has no effect on plasma fatty acids in non-anemic women. Nutr Res. Prenatal iron supplements impair zinc absorption in pregnant Peruvian women. J Nutr. Zinc absorption in women during pregnancy and lactation: a longitudinal study. Zinc absorption in adult humans: the effect of iron fortification.
Oral zinc supplementation decreases the serum iron concentration in healthy schoolchildren: a pilot study. Zinc and multivitamin supplementation have contrasting effects on infant iron status: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Eur J Clin Nutr. Effect of zinc supplementation on the antioxidant, copper, and iron status of physically active adolescents. Cell Biochem Funct. High dietary calcium intakes reduce zinc absorption and balance in humans.
Zinc balance in adolescent females consuming a low- or high-calcium diet. Dietary calcium does not exacerbate phytate inhibition of zinc absorption by women from conventional diets. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc.
Washington, D. National Academy Press. Zinc status is not adversely affected by folic acid supplementation and zinc intake does not impair folate utilization in human subjects. Effect of zinc deficiency on hepatic enzymes regulating vitamin A status. Interactions between zinc and vitamin A: an update.
Acrodematitis enteropathica: clinical manifestations and pediatric diagnosis. Rev Paul Pediatr. Hambidge M. Human zinc deficiency. Global and regional child mortality and burden of disease attributable to zinc deficiency. Discovery of human zinc deficiency: 50 years later. Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control. Food Nutr Bull. Krebs NF. Update on zinc deficiency and excess in clinical pediatric practice.
Indicators of zinc status at the population level: a review of the evidence. Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting.
PLoS One. Maternal zinc deficiency and congenital anomalies in newborns. Pediatr Int. Association between maternal zinc status, dietary zinc intake and pregnancy complications: a systematic review. Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. The effect of low dose iron and zinc intake on child micronutrient status and development during the first days of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Zinc supplementation in infants with a nutritional pattern of failure to thrive: a double-blind, controlled study. Hambidge M, Krebs N. Zinc and growth. In: Roussell AM, ed. Trace elements in man and animals Proceedings of the tenth international symposium on trace elements in man and animals.
New York: Plenum Press; Preventive zinc supplementation among infants, preschoolers, and older prepubertal children. Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Effect of preventive zinc supplementation on linear growth in children under 5 years of age in developing countries: a meta-analysis of studies for input to the lives saved tool.
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Effect of zinc supplementation on observed activity in low socioeconomic Indian preschool children. Zinc supplementation affects the activity patterns of rural Guatemalan infants. Zinc supplementation, mental development and behaviour in low birth weight term infants in northeast Brazil. Effect of zinc supplementation on development and growth of Chilean infants. J Pediatr. A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: effects on growth and development.
Impact of zinc supplementation on mental and psychomotor scores of children aged 12 to 18 months: a randomized, double-blind trial. Gogia S, Sachdev HS. Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children. Zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Maares M, Haase H. Zinc and immunity: An essential interrelation. Arch Biochem Biophys. Immunological orchestration of zinc homeostasis: The battle between host mechanisms and pathogen defenses. Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor induced Zn sequestration enhances macrophage superoxide and limits intracellular pathogen survival.
Zinc and the risk for infectious disease. Annu Rev Nutr. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Wapnir RA. Zinc deficiency, malnutrition and the gastrointestinal tract. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in , with projections to inform post priorities: an updated systematic analysis.
Black RE. Progress in the use of ORS and zinc for the treatment of childhood diarrhea. J Glob Health. Lazzerini M, Wanzira H. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Clinical management of acute diarrhoea. World Health Organization. Fact sheets: pneumonia. November 6, Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks.
Zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months. Zinc as an adjunct therapy in the management of severe pneumonia among Gambian children: randomized controlled trial. Wang L, Song Y. Efficacy of zinc given as an adjunct to the treatment of severe pneumonia: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trials.
Clin Respir J. Black MM. Zinc deficiency and child development. Shankar AH. Nutritional modulation of malaria morbidity and mortality.
J Infect Dis. Effect of zinc supplementation on malaria and other causes of morbidity in west African children: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. Zinc Against Plasmodium Study Group. Effect of zinc on the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children: a randomized controlled trial. Effect of zinc supplementation on mortality in children aged months: a community-based randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Vitamin A and zinc supplementation among pregnant women to prevent placental malaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Zinc: dietary intake and impact of supplementation on immune function in elderly. Age Dordr. Serum zinc and pneumonia in nursing home elderly. Haase H, Rink L. The immune system and the impact of zinc during aging. Immun Ageing. Effects of one year of supplementation with zinc and other micronutrients on cellular immunity in the elderly.
J Am Coll Nutr. Zinc and immunocompetence in elderly people: effects of zinc supplementation for 3 months. Effect of zinc or zinc plus arginine supplementation on antibody titre and lymphocyte subsets after influenza vaccination in elderly subjects: a randomized controlled trial.
Age Ageing. Clinical, immunological, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles of zinc. Exp Gerontol. The effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune response in an older population. J Am Geriatr Soc. Effect of zinc supplementation on serum zinc concentration and T cell proliferation in nursing home elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Zinc stimulates glucose oxidation and glycemic control by modulating the insulin signaling pathway in human and mouse skeletal muscle cell lines.
Gu HF. Genetic, epigenetic and biological effects of zinc transporter SLC30A8 in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev. So how can you make sure yours is within balance? First step, check your diet provides good sources of both minerals. You will get good levels of both copper and zinc in a varied, balanced diet that includes plenty of minimally processed wholefoods cooked from scratch. When wholegrains are processed into refined versions the outer portion of the grain is removed along with much of the mineral content including zinc and copper , so choosing wholegrains over refined versions is a great start.
Some foods, such as sesame seeds, crimini mushrooms, asparagus, lentils, pine nuts and broccoli are great sources of both. For most people, it is recommended that a daily multivitamin containing both zinc and copper in a balanced ratio is the best way to support this important relationship.
References: 1. Mohammadi E, Qujeg D et al. Evaluation of serum trace element levels and superoxide dismutase activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: translating basic research into clinical application. Biol Trace Elem Res. Li DD, Zhang W et al. Front Aging Neurosc. Viktorinova A, Ursinyova M et al. Changed plasma levels of zinc and copper to zinc ratio and their possible associations with parent and teacher symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Li So, Wang JL et al. Serum copper and zinc levels in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Serum copper, zinc and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in short and long sleep duration in ageing men. J Trace Elem Med Biol. Discovery of human zinc deficiency and studies in an experimental human model.
Am J Clin Nutr ; [review]. Serum zinc changes due to iron supplementation in teen-age pregnancy. Inorganic zinc and the intestinal absorption of ferrous iron. Argiratos V, Samman S. The effect of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate on the absorption of zinc in healthy female subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr ; Inhibitory effects of zinc on magnesium balance and magnesium absorption in man.
J Am Coll Nutr ; Can N-acetyl-L-cysteine affect zinc metabolism when used as a paracetamol antidote? Agents Actions ; Shannon M. Alternative medicines toxicology: a review of selected agents.
J Clin Toxicol ; Anosmia after intranasal zinc gluconate use. Am J Rhinol ; Rapid induction of Alzheimer A8 amyloid formation by zinc. Science ; Zinc and platelet membrane microviscosity in Alzheimer's disease. S Afr Med J ; Broun ER. Excessive zinc ingestion. A reversible cause of sideroblastic anemia and bone marrow depression. Effect of copper intake on blood cholesterol and its lipoprotein distribution in men.
Nutr Rep Int ; Sandstead HH. Requirements and toxicity of essential trace elements, illustrated by zinc and copper. Effect of zinc supplementation on copper status in adult man. Denture cream. An unusual source of excess zinc, leading to hypocupremia and neurologic disease. Neurology ; High dose zinc increases hospital admissions due to genitourinary complications. J Urol ; Zinc status relates to hematological deficits in middle-aged women.
Iron and zinc supplementation improves indicators of vitamin A status of Mexican preschoolers. Learn more about TraceGains, the company. The information presented by TraceGains is for informational purposes only. It is based on scientific studies human, animal, or in vitro , clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article.
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Learn how we develop our content. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Skip to main content. Health Information Library. Uses Zinc is an essential mineral that is a component of more than enzymes needed to repair wounds , maintain fertility in adults and growth in children, synthesize protein, help cells reproduce, preserve vision, boost immunity , and protect against free radicals , among other functions.
What Are Star Ratings? This supplement has been used in connection with the following health conditions: Used for Why 3 Stars. Several double-blind trials indicate that taking zinc reduces acne severity. Long-term use requires 1 to 2 mg of copper per day to prevent copper deficiency.
Supplementing with the correct amount of zinc can completely resolve hereditary acrodermatitis enteropathica. Use 13 to 25 mg as gluconate, gluconate-glycine, or acetate in lozenges every two hours. Zinc lozenges used at the first sign of a cold have been shown to help stop the virus and shorten the illness. Zinc may improve immune function, reduce infection rates, and stimulate growth.
Take under a doctor's supervision. Taking zinc may correct this problem and improve sperm quality. If deficient: 15 to 30 mg daily with 1 to 2 mg copper daily, to prevent depletion. A lack of zinc may reduce the activity of retinol dehydrogenase, an enzyme needed to help vitamin A work in the eye.
Zinc helps night blindness in people who are zinc-deficient. Supplementing with zinc may help reduce dietary copper absorption. Zinc is a component of enzymes needed to repair wounds, and even a mild deficiency can interfere with optimal recovery from everyday tissue damage.
Long-term zinc users should also take a copper supplement to prevent deficiency. Supplementing with zinc may correct the deficiency common in alcoholic liver cirrhosis and may correct the impaired taste function that people with cirrhosis often experience. People with anorexia may be deficient in zinc, in which case supplementing with the mineral can restore levels and improve symptoms.
In one study, children with ADHD who received zinc showed significantly greater behavioral improvement, compared with children who received a placebo. Many doctors recommend a zinc-containing multivitamin to all women of childbearing age who may become pregnant for its potential role in preventing neural tube defects.
However, another preliminary study found no association between blood levels of zinc in pregnant women and the incidence of NTDs. Zinc supplementation 15 mg per day is considered safe for pregnant women. Given its safety and potential role in preventing NTDs, a zinc-containing multivitamin is recommended by many doctors to all women of childbearing age who may become pregnant.
People with bulimia may be deficient in zinc, in which case supplementing with the mineral can restore levels and improve symptoms. Zinc deficiency has been linked with recurrent canker sores, so treating the deficiency may lead to relief.
Long-term zinc supplementation requires extra copper to avoid deficiency. Supplementing with zinc may correct a deficiency. Topically applied zinc appears to inhibit the replication of the herpes virus and help prevent future outbreaks. Use topical zinc only under a doctor's supervision. For prevention: 15 mg daily; for treating colds: 30 mg daily at the onset. In one study, oral zinc supplementation significantly reduced both the incidence and duration of the common cold. Zinc is needed to repair intestinal cells damaged by Crohn's disease.
Supplementation may offset some of the deficiency caused by Crohn's-related malabsorption. In a preliminary study, eczema severity and itching improved significantly more in the children who received zinc than in the control group. In a preliminary study, children average age, 6 years with eczema who had a low concentration of zinc in their hair were randomly assigned to receive 12 mg of zinc per day by mouth or no supplemental zinc control group for 8 weeks.
Eczema severity and itching improved significantly more in the children who received zinc than in the control group. The study did not examine whether children with normal hair zinc levels would benefit from supplementation. Apply a topical preparation containing 0. Applying zinc topically may help prevent outbreaks and has been shown to stop the pain, burning, and tingling of a herpes outbreak. Zinc is able to reduce the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds in the mouth, thus lessening halitosis.
In a preliminary trial, supplementing with betaine improved signs of liver inflammation in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, a type of liver inflammation. Zinc levels are frequently low in people with HIV infection. Zinc supplements have been shown to reduce the number of infections in people with AIDS.
Zinc deficiencies can impair immune function. Supplementing with zinc has been shown to increase immune function in healthy people. Zinc lozenges have been found helpful in against the common cold. Two of the nutrients that may not be absorbed efficiently as a result of diarrhea are zinc and vitamin A, both needed to fight infections.
In third-world countries, supplementation with zinc and vitamin A has led to a reduction in, or prevention of, infectious diarrhea in children. There is evidence that even children who are not zinc-deficient could benefit from zinc supplementation during an episode of infectious diarrhea, if the diarrhea is being caused by certain specific organisms, such as the organism that causes cholera or some strains of E.
In one trial, zinc supplementation significantly reduced the rate of visual loss in people with macular degeneration. Supplementing with zinc may help speed the repair of damaged stomach tissue.
Studies have shown that a zinc salt of the amino acid carnosine protects against ulcer formation and promotes the healing of existing ulcers. Deficient zinc levels have been reported in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Some trials have found that supplementing with zinc reduces rheumatoid arthritis symptoms. Take under medical supervision: mg of zinc plus 2 mg of copper daily to protect against depletion.
Supplementing with zinc appears to help prevent cell damage and speed healing of leg ulcers associated with sickle cell anemia. Take under medical supervision: 50 mg of zinc plus 1 to 3 mg of copper daily, to prevent depletion and apply zinc-containing bandages or tape to the area. Supplementing with zinc may help some types of skin ulcer by facilitating tissue growth. Take under medical supervision: 25 to 50 mg daily plus 1 to 3 mg of copper daily, to prevent depletion.
Zinc helps with healing. Even a mild deficiency can interfere with optimal recovery from everyday tissue damage and more serious trauma. Researchers have reported improved growth rates in zinc-deficient thalassemic children who were given zinc supplements. Take under medical supervision: 90 mg daily with 2 or 3 mg per day of copper to prevent depletion. For people deficient in zinc, supplementing with zinc may help improve their tinnitus.
People with type 2 diabetes, especially those being treated with anti-diabetes medications, tend to be zinc deficient. In those with zinc deficiency, supplementation may improve blood glucose regulation and reduce insulin resistance. Take under medical supervision: 2. Exercise depletes zinc, and severe zinc deficiency can compromise muscle function. One trial found that zinc improved muscle strength, and another study of athletes with low zinc levels found that zinc improved red blood cell flexibility during exercise, which could benefit blood flow to the muscles.
Zinc has been shown to reduce prostate size in some studies. If you are taking 30 mg or more of zinc per day, most doctors recommend adding 2 to 3 mg of copper to avoid deficiency. Zinc is a mineral antioxidant nutrient that the immune system requires. Supplementing with it increases immune activity in people with certain illnesses. The malabsorption produced by cystic fibrosis may adversely affect zinc absorption. Supplementing with zinc can help counteract this deficiency.
In one study, the addition of a zinc supplement enhanced the beneficial effects of antidepressants. In a double-blind trial, the addition of a zinc supplement 25 mg per day enhanced the beneficial effect of antidepressant medication in patients suffering from depression. The average dietary intake of zinc among participants in this study 7.
Supplementing with zinc can counteract the nutrient deficiency that often occurs as a result of malabsorption. Zinc stimulates immune function, so some doctors recommend zinc supplements for people with recurrent ear infections. Zinc is helpful in healing peptic ulcers, which can occur in some types of gastritis. In one study, supplementing with zinc reduced the incidence of gestational hypertension in a group of pregnant Hispanic women who were not zinc deficient. Deficiencies of zinc can contribute to iodine-deficiency goiter.
Supplementing with zinc may help. Zinc helps control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes, and since there are similarities in the way the body regulates high and low blood sugar levels, it might be helpful for hypoglycemia as well.
In people with low zinc, supplementing with zinc may increased thyroid hormone levels. Some doctors recommend zinc supplements for people with recurrent infections. Zinc is important for metabolic health, but there are risks associated with both too little and too much zinc. Studies examining the relationship between zinc status and metabolic syndrome have yielded mixed findings. A study based on data from 1, participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study NHANES from — found a correlation between high zinc levels and increased risk of metabolic syndrome.
However, according to a meta-analysis of 20 controlled trials, zinc supplementation appears to have metabolic benefits such as improving blood glucose control and triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Another research review noted zinc supplements have a positive impact on blood glucose control in those with type 2 diabetes who have zinc deficiency. Taken together, the research suggests the importance of avoiding zinc deficiency and excess for preventing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
Some doctors have reported good results using a combination of zinc, manganese, and vitamin B6 for people with Osgood-Schlatter disease. Supplementing with zinc appears to be helpful in both preventing and treating osteoporosis.
Zinc is important for proper immune system function and wound healing. Zinc supplements taken before surgery may prevent zinc deficiency and promote healing. Zinc has antibacterial activity and is a key factor in the natural resistance of male urinary tract infections.
Supplementing with it may improve postatitis. Supplementing with zinc may lower blood sugar levels and improve immune function in people with type 1 diabetes. Zinc nasal sprays appear to be effective at shortening the duration of cold symptoms, however, some people have experienced long-lasting or permanent loss of smell after using the spray. Where to Find It Good sources of zinc include oysters, meat, eggs, seafood, black-eyed peas, tofu, and wheat germ.
Possible Deficiencies Zinc deficiencies are quite common in people living in poor countries. Best Form to Take A number of different forms of zinc are used in supplements. Interactions with Medicines Certain medicines interact with this supplement. Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, you should take dietary supplements only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider.
Research has shown that less than 40 mg a day is a safe amount to take over time, but researchers are not sure what happens if more is taken over a long period. Additional concerns have been raised about combining multivitamins and additional zinc supplements and an increased risk of dying from prostate cancer.
Speak with physician. Taking mg of zinc daily, or taking supplemental zinc for 10 years or longer, has been linked with a doubling of the risk developing prostate cancer in men. Common side effects of zinc include stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, and a metallic taste in the mouth. High doses of zinc can cause dizziness, headache, drowsiness, increased sweating, loss of muscle coordination, alcohol intolerance, hallucinations, and anemia. Very high doses of zinc may actually weaken immune function.
Some people who have used certain zinc nasal sprays to treat a cold have lost their sense of smell. Talk to your doctor before using a zinc nasal spray. If you are being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use zinc without first talking to your health care provider. Amiloride Midamor -- Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic water pill that may increase the levels of zinc in your blood.
Do not take zinc supplements if you take amiloride. Blood pressure medications, ACE Inhibitors -- A class of medications called ACE inhibitors, used to treat high blood pressure, may decrease the levels of zinc in your blood.
ACE inhibitors include:. Antibiotics -- Zinc may decrease your body's absorption of two kinds of antibiotics, quinolones and tetracyclines. These include:. Cisplatin Platinol-AQ -- This drug, used for chemotherapy to treat some types of cancers, may cause more zinc to be lost in your urine. If you are undergoing chemotherapy, do not take zinc or any other supplement without talking to your oncologist. Deferoxamine Desferal -- This medication, used to remove excess iron from the blood, also increases the amount of zinc that is lost in urine.
Immunosuppressant medications -- Since zinc may make the immune system stronger, it should not be taken with corticosteroids such as prednisone , cyclosporine, or other medications intended to suppress the immune system. Penicillamine -- This medication, used to treat Wilson's disease where excess copper builds up in the brain, liver, kidney, and eyes and rheumatoid arthritis, decreases the levels of zinc in your blood.
Thiazide diuretics water pills -- These medications lower the amount of zinc in your blood by increasing the amount of zinc that is passed in your urine. If you take thiazide diuretics, your doctor will monitor levels of zinc and other important minerals in your blood:. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no.
Arch Ophthalmol. Serum zinc levels in diabetic patients and effect of zinc supplementation on glycemic control of type 2 diabetics.
Saudi Med J. Zinc supplementation in oral rehydration solutions: experimental assessment and mechanisms of action. J Am Coll Nutr. Potential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. Basnet S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of zinc as adjuvant therapy for severe pneumonia in young children. A randomized trial of zinc nasal spray for the treatment of upper respiratory illness in adults. Am J Med. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. Oxidative damage and protection of the RPE. Prog Retin Eye Res. Treatment of naturally acquired common colds with zinc: a structured review. Clin Infect Dis. Prospective study of zinc intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration.
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